The Eichmann Trial

The Eichmann Trial In the wake of being found and caught in Argentina, Nazi pioneer Adolf Eichmann, known as the planner of the Final Solution, was put being investigated in Israel in 1961. Eichmann was seen as blameworthy and condemned to death. At 12 PM between May 31 and June 1, 1962, Eichmann was executed by hanging. The Capture of Eichmann Toward the finish of World War II, Adolf Eichmann, in the same way as other top Nazi pioneers, endeavored to escape vanquished Germany. Subsequent to stowing away in different areas inside Europe and the Middle East, Eichmann in the end figured out how to disappear to Argentina, where he lived for various years with his family under an accepted name. In the years after World War II, Eichmann, whose name had come up various occasions during the Nuremberg Trials, had gotten one of the most needed Nazi war crooks. Lamentably, for a long time, nobody knew where on the planet Eichmann was stowing away. At that point, in 1957, the Mossad (the Israeli mystery administration) got a tip: Eichmann might be living in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Following quite a long while of ineffective ventures, Mossad got another tip: Eichmann was probably living under the name of Ricardo Klement. This time, a group of mystery Mossad specialists was sent to Argentina to discover Eichmann. On March 21, 1960, the operators had not just discovered Klement, they were sure he was the Eichmann they had been chasing for a considerable length of time. On May 11, 1960, the Mossad specialists caught Eichmann while he was strolling from a bus station to his home. They at that point took Eichmann to a mystery area until they had the option to sneak him out of Argentina nine days after the fact. On May 23, 1960, Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion made the unexpected declaration to the Knesset (Israels parliament) that Adolf Eichmann was set to be locked up in Israel and was prospective put being investigated. The Trial of Eichmann Adolf Eichmanns preliminary started on April 11, 1961 in Jerusalem, Israel. Eichmann was accused of 15 counts of violations as a detriment to the Jewish individuals, atrocities, wrongdoings against humankind, and enrollment in an unfriendly association. In particular, the charges blamed Eichmann for being answerable for the subjugation, starvation, abuse, transportation and murder of a large number of Jews just as the extradition of countless Poles and Gypsies. The preliminary was to be an exhibit of the abhorrences of the Holocaust. Press from around the globe followed the subtleties, which taught the world about what truly occurred under the Third Reich. As Eichmann sat behind an exceptionally made slug evidence glass confine, 112 observers recounted to their story, in explicit detail, of the abhorrences they encountered. This, in addition to 1,600 reports recording the execution of the Final Solution were submitted against Eichmann. Eichmanns primary line of resistance was that he was simply following requests and that he simply assumed a little job in the slaughtering procedure. Three appointed authorities heard the proof. The world sat tight for their choice. The court saw Eichmann as blameworthy on every one of the 15 checks and on December 15, 1961 condemned Eichmann to death. Eichmann bid the decision to Israels incomparable court yet on May 29, 1962 his allure was dismissed. Close to 12 PM between May 31 and June 1, 1962, Eichmann was executed by hanging. His body was then incinerated and his remains dispersed adrift.

The massacre of the innocents by Francois Joseph Naves during Essay

The slaughter of the honest people by Francois Joseph Naves during - Essay Example The image has a shrouded story and goes about as an account of the entire slaughter occasion. Right off the bat, the characters in the image are in a tragic and stressed mind-set. The painter has utilized the outward appearances to uncover tragic dispositions that won in the city subsequent to King Herod requested the executing of all the male newborn children. It had occurred after his arrangement as King of the Jews. From the utilization of facial qualities, one can likewise tell that the female sexual orientation experienced a large portion of the worry after the passing of their kids. The ladies and kids are avoiding Herod’s officers while attempting to keep the child young ladies quiet for their own security. As indicated by the foundation, it is on the grounds that the greater part of the men had either calmly of strongly joined Herod’s armed force after he turned into the ruler. From the window, one can likewise observe the officers attempting to battle with ladi es so they would look the houses for male youngsters. Joseph has additionally utilized the picture to show that a prediction from the Old Testament had been satisfied where Christian saints must be executed. It likewise uncovers the dread in the female kids the greater part of whom didn't comprehend the entire event. The work can be founded on the Bible as the main source. The slaughter has been featured in the Book of Mathew in the New Testament. He has likewise utilized information from the book to uncover his characters in the work of art. By investigating the picture, one can tell that Joseph was inwardly. Moreover, he additionally had a particular explanation with respect to why he picked the slaughter by King Herod. The physical places of the characters speak to what they were stating dependent on the Bible. From the representation, one can tell that Elizabeth is the lay wearing yellow in light of the fact that subsequent to hearing the news on the executions, she concealed her kid in a bull slow down. On close assessment, one can tell that the composition has been dealt with by a specialist. The clearness of the material shading and the surface

Math free essay sample

Toward the finish of every unit, DB investment will be evaluated dependent on both degree of commitment and the nature of the commitment to the conversation. At the very least, every understudy will be required to post a unique and attentive reaction to the DB address and add to the week after week exchange by reacting to at any rate two different posts from understudies. The primary commitment must be posted before 12 PM (Central Time) on Wednesday of every week. We will compose a custom article test on Math or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Two extra reactions are required after Wednesday of every week. Understudies are profoundly urged to connect on the Discussion Board early and regularly, as that is the essential way the college tracks class participation and investment. The reason for the Discussion Board is to permit understudies to learn through sharing thoughts and encounters as they identify with course content and the DB question. Since it is preposterous to expect to take part in two-manner discourse after a discussion has finished, no presents on the DB will be acknowledged after the finish of every week. A grandma is searching for an arrangement to fund her new grandchild’s school instruction. She has $50,000 to contribute. Search the web and find a long-run speculation plan, CD, Savings Bond, and so on, for the grandma. The arrangement is to acquire progressive accrual. Ascertain the future estimation of the speculation. You should utilize the publicized financing cost, the quantity of aggravating periods every year, and the time the assets will be contributed. On the off chance that you are not given the quantity of intensifying periods a year, make it up. 1. The chief is $50,000. This is P. 2. Research the yearly financing cost for your speculation. This is r. 3. Express the time in years for the speculation (as in when the new grandkid will go to school). This is t. 4. Express the quantity of intensifying periods every year. This is n. 5. Model the future estimation of Grandma’s venture as an exponential capacity, with time as the free factor: F(t) = P(1 + r/n) nt 6. Express the future estimation of Grandma’s venture. 7. Utilize the web or library assets to locate the normal expense of an advanced degree today; will grandma’s venture have the option to take care of the expense in today’s dollars; shouldn't something be said about later on? 8. Sum up your discoveries recorded as a hard copy utilizing appropriate style and language structure. 9. Incorporate references arranged by APA style. 10. React to a classmate’s posting. On the off chance that you think there might be a mistake, don't hesitate to help your schoolmate without giving the right answer. Something else, investigate the post in contrast with yours or add new data to the conversation. In your own words, if it's not too much trouble present a reaction on the Discussion Board and remark on different postings. You will be evaluated on the nature of your postings. For help with your task, if it's not too much trouble utilize your content, Web assets, and all course materials. | Math free paper test In the event that for instance the digits | |drawn are 3,6,1 and 2, make an augmentation test, for example, 36 X 12 and inquire as to whether any of the understudies realizes how to illuminate it. A few understudies may have a thought of how| |to illuminate it. Now, a few understudies may realize the calculation yet probably won't know about the Place Value. | |Tell understudies that the target of this class is duplicating two-digit numbers and understanding Place Value in the calculation of whole numbers. | |Tell the understudies what the numerals in the two-digit numbers (36 and 12) speak to: 3 and 1 speak to tens, while 6 and 2 speak to ones. | |Demonstrate how a two-digit augmentation is completed by increasing multiple times ones, at that point multiple times tens and afterward including the items. For instance; | |3 | |6 | |x | |1 | |2 | |7 | |2 | |3 | |6 | |â | |4 | |3 | |2 | |Teacher Modeling | |The educator will rehash a couple of models and request that volunteers clarify | |The instructor will at that point compose three straightforward tests and two generally complex tests in the diagram. We will compose a custom paper test on Math or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Each understudy ought to effectively do the basic tests while the| |complex tests will be done in gatherings. | |Quizzes to be done separately: | |3 | |6 | |4 | |7 | |5 | |0 | |x | |1 | |2 | |x | |1 | |2 | |x | |1 | |2 | | |Quizzes to be in gatherings: | |3 | |6 | |4 |7 | |x | |4 | |7 | |x | |5 | |0 | |Children’s Literature Selection | |McElligot, Matthew. (2009). The Lion’s Share. London: A C Black | |The instructor will rehash the book, this time experiencing every duplication contained in the story in detail. Occassionally, the instructor may substitute the | |figures in the table with new figures to measure the comprehension of refocusing by the understudies. | |Guided Student Practice: | |The understudy will be furnished with pencils and papers on which to play out their calculations. Gatherings that have parformed well will be required to help bunches | |that are falling behind. | |Independent Student Practice: Students who handle ideas quicker are alloted considerably additionally testing/complex tests. Understudies falling behind took care of | |individually by the educator. |Closure: â€Å"In today’s class we have been instructed how to duplicate two-digit numbers and have learnt, Value Place and pulling together of ones, tens, hundreds and | |thousands. † Students who have effectively finished test visit the site www. augmentation. com/g ames and play interactactive increase games to strengthen | |knowledge obtaining. | Summative Assessment: | |Students alloted schoolwork of 5 moderately increasingly complex augmentation on the off chance that they effectively finished class assignments. Understudies right territories they have done | |wrongly in class assignments utilizing prominent markers. | |LESSON REFLECTION | |Describe the result of the exercise. | |There was an obvious comprehension of the two-digit augmentation ideas; pulling together of ones into tens and tens into hundreds. | |Describe understudy execution and express the quantity of understudies who accomplished the target on the pre-test and the post-test (Summative Assessment). | |Pre-Test: Majority of the understudies effectively finished the pre-test assignments (13 out of 16). | |Post Test: 2 understudies (out of the three who couldn't finish the pre-test) scored 2 out of 5 in the class task; 1 understudy got 3 out of 5; 4 scored 4 out| |of 5; and 9 understudies got everything right. |Describe an elective methodology for this exercis e | |For the three understudies who neglected to meet the objective, ‘refresher’ exercises in augmentation ideas may be required. This may include a closer balanced | |sessions with the failing to meet expectations understudies | |Describe a fitting exercise to follow this exercise. | |Regrouping during duplication of numbers with decimals | DO NOT ASSIGN HOMEWORK except if the understudies exhibit dominance. The guardians are significant in the lives of their youngsters, yet YOU are the instructor.

Paralanguage, proxemics, haptics, chronemics sample

Whats non-verbal communication? Each day we communicate with people; we solve problems, express our emotions, ask others to do something, etc. But we communicate not only by the language; our body also participates in the process. The scientist A. Mehrabian came to the point that our voice messages without any intonation have an impact of just 7%. Another 93% are voice intonation (38%) and non-verbal signals (55%). There are 7 classes of non-verbal language: Paralanguage studies vocal qualities of our voice. We can say about the emotional condition of person through their voice tempo, pitch and rhythm. Its very easy to define if the person is angry, glad or sad just by listening to their voice. Proxemics is a studying that defines how human organize their home, space, and workplaces. This science has 3 main areas: territory, space and distance. Haptics uses touching instead of talking. This is a sort of tactile communication which is called as the most primeval method of communication between people. In our world there are many cultures that support touching when some dont. Chronemics explains how people feel the concept and the value of time. According to this tool, we can organize our time and have reactions when needed. Different people perceive tome differently; for some people it could be measured, wasted, planned, saved and bought, but for other cultures its impossible to plan things so far because they believe God will always lead them to the right place. Artefacts can bring us information about peoples personality. We can recognize the human culture by clothes they wear, for example, we can be sure that if a man wears kimono, hes Japanese, and if we see a woman with hijab, shes Muslim. Kinesics include such non-verbal signals (we can send them through gestures, posture, facial expressions, and eye gaze). With the help of our body we send signals to others people, mostly with moving our hands and facial expressions. The environment also contains information about people, we need only to look thoroughly and decrypt this signals correctly. The way how we decorate our flat, such things as colors, things, materials, temperature, and light have an impact on people. We know that a lot of stores use some environment strategies to put products on the shelves. They place childrens products lower so our kids can see and take them easily, and tons of products like chocolate bars and chewing gums are always placed close to exits where bored people stay in line, so theyd definitely grab something. The main functions of the non-verbal communication Accenting — with our gestures, we try to emphasize the feeling we express during communication. Moderating — this function acts vice versa of accenting. When we reduce people attention to the message we said, so as a result, other person may feel hard to understand. Complementing — duplicates the accenting and helps us to emphasize our message with gestures. Substituting — according to this function, people replace words with non-verbal signals, like facial expression and gestures. Contradicting — its when things we tell disagree with our non-verbal signals. It may happen if the person wants to confuse listeners or when they try to hide a lie. Regulating — when you listen another person, you send to them non-verbal messages that force to talk faster, slowly, or stop. Repeating — when you need to strengthen your message. When you said something at start and there was no response, you use facial expressions or gestures to repeat the message we said in non-verbal way. Deceiving — when people lie, their facial emotions can inform us about it. Its very hard to control facial muscles if you want to deceive people, especially those who are familiar with the language of gestures.

Comparing Destruction in Steinbecks Flight and Londons...

Journey to Destruction in Steinbecks Flight and Londons To Build a Fire Not many people have to face death in the cold wasteland of the Arctic or rugged mountains of California, but Pepe and the man do. Although the ironic destruction of Pepe and the man were caused by relentless forces of nature, their attitudes and reasons for going on their journeys differed. The setting in both stories consisted of extreme climate and conditions. In Flight the climate was desert hot during the day and chilling cold at night. The Torres family had their farm, a few sloping acres above a cliff that dropped to the brown reefs and to the hissing white waters of the ocean. Behind the farm the stone mountains stood up against the sky.†¦show more content†¦He spat again, in the air, before it could fall to the snow the spittle crackled. He knew at fifty below spittle crackled on the snow, but this spittle had crackled in the air. Undoubtedly it was colder than fifty below--how much colder he did not know. Both of the mens attitudes lead to their destruction. Pepe was very lazy and immature. All day you do foolish things with the knife, like a toy-baby, his mother stormed. Big lazy, you must catch the horse and put on him thy fathers saddle. Pepe also had a hot temper. During the travel to Monterey, Pepe had a little to drink and ended up killing a man. There was wine to drink. Pepe drank wine. The little quarrel--the man started toward Pepe and then the knife--it went almost by itself. The man said names to me I could not allow. In the other story, the mans attitude problem was that he was too self-confident. He pushed himself to the limit which was farther than he could go. But the temperature did not matter. He also didnt listen to the advice of others. The man from Sulphur Creek had spoken the truth when telling how cold it sometimes got in the country, and used his knowledge to his best advantage. Fifty degrees below zero was to him just precisely fifty degrees below z ero. That there should be anything more to it than that was a thought that never entered his head. Their reasons for going on their journeys differed. Pepe was forced to go on his

Business Strategy Marketing Management

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Strategyfor Marketing Management. Answer: Introduction The study concentrated in the process of developing a proper situation analysis of the selected organization Zynga. SWOT Analysis is one of the most important marketing tools, which is used to scan the factors of both the inner environment as well as the outer environment of the business (Kotler and Armstrong, 2012). Strength and Weakness are the two factors which comprise the internal environment and on the other hand, Opportunities and Threats are the two factors, which comprise the external environment (Kotler and Keller, 2012). The following part of the study will analyze each factor of both the external environment as well as the internal environment of the organization. Background of the Organization The selected organization in the study is Zynga. Zynga is an American organization, which is a service provider of social video game services founded in the year 2007, and its headquarter is situated in San Francisco, California, United States. The CEO, of the organization is Frank D Gibeau and the organization maintains overall revenue of 764 million USD (Zynga.com, 2016). Critical Analysis of the Study Strength The organization maintains a strong user base, which is about 289 million, who spend a lot of time in this particular platform. Zynga is a company, maintain a strong brand value. Zynga is no longer dependent on other social media platforms. It develops its own business operation in the proceedings. The organization is known for its fifth largest mobile platform for the daily customers who spend time in mobile. Weakness Based on the latest statistical report, the average usage of the users has gone down to 56 million from 72 million. The users are often reluctant to spend money towards online social media games, on a recurring basis, which is one of the most negative impacts for the organization. The organization is facing certain persistent loss in the revenue since 2010. Opportunity The company has a huge business opportunity with the view of developing a proper expansion process in other key cities of the country. The company holds a strong position in the US gaming market. The world is changing at a rapid pace due to technological advancement. Introduction of 3D games provided certain technological opportunities for the selected organization. Further expansion on other social platforms will provide an additional opportunity in the organization. Threats The numbers of users in the organization are majority of casual social media players. One of the major threats is the organization is facing major threats from the other gaming platforms. Due to lack of consistency of the users, the organization faces certain ups and downs in the revenue. Conclusion The study analyzed all the major factors, with the view of scanning both the inner as well as the outer environment of the organization. With the application of a proper SWOT Analysis, the management will be able to identify its Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Treats. All the important factors of both the inner environment as well as the outer environment are analyzed in an effective way. Reference List Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2012).Principles of marketing. 1st ed. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2012).Marketing management. 1st ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Zynga.com. (2016).Online Games Mobile Games | Free Games by Zynga. [online] Available at: https://www.zynga.com/ [Accessed 15 Nov. 2016].

Summary of B.F. Skinner and Piaget free essay sample

One of the most influential members of the behaviorist movement, as well as among psychologists who study human development was B. F. Skinner (Diessner, 2008, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of B.F. Skinner and Piaget or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 134). Skinner was notable for his description of the acquisition of new behavior through the use of reinenforcement and punishment called operant conditioning (Diessner, 2008). Skinner also contributed his behaviorist explanation of language development through his concept of verbal behavior (Diessner, 2008). To Skinner verbal behavior is basically a behavior which is â€Å"reinenforced through the mediation of others† (Skinner, 1957, p. 2) and ultimately the speaker by applying controlling variables of operant conditioning principles (Burk, 2009; Diessner, 2008). We use words to express many things such as feeling, emotions, ideas, needs and desires, and how a person communicates depends on the verbal community they are a part of, the â€Å"community† which encompasses their socio-economic status (class), religion, job/career, culture, etc. (Burton Kagan, 1994; Diessner, 2008). Skinner states that a â€Å"verbal repertoire† can have similar effects on various listeners due to the speaker who possesses different repertoires which are shaped and maintained by different verbal communities and languages (Diessner, 2008, p. 134). It is also noted by Skinner that verbal behavior does not need an audience, and that a speaker can become a listener as a result reinenforcing his own behavior (Diessner, 2008). The interaction between language and behavior is emphasized by Skinner in Diessner (2008), in which the speaker is â€Å"in contact with a situation to which a listener is disposed to respond† (p. 35), and the verbal response from the speaker allows the listener to respond properly. Even though it is implied by communication theory that the speaker and listener share the same meanings in the messages conveyed, Skinner states that meanings are not the same in the speaker and the listener; instead the verbal responses are understood as signs or symbo ls of the situation, by the listener (Diessner, 2008). Through the manipulation of sentences, invention of alphabet, and discovery of grammar and such, it is understood that verbal behavior has its own independent status, which can be further explained by the meaning onveyed in written records by the writer and the meaning a reader produces on his own without regard of the verbal behavior of the writer (Diessner, 2008). Skinner’s concept of verbal behavior â€Å"outlined his analysis of verbal behavior, which described a group of verbal operants, or functional units of language, explaining that language could be analyzed into a set of functional units, with each type of operant serving a different function† (Burk, 2009). Simply, learning new words is the effect of a â€Å"singe reinenforcement† (Diessner, 2008, p. 138). Jean Piaget: Volume Conservation Jean Piaget, a Swiss born scientist often referred to as a developmental psychologist, but truly an epistemologist, who made many contributions to educational psychology conducted many experiments to support his theories and concepts (Diessner, 2008; Mooney, 2000). One of his experiments called the conservation of volume experiment, had suggestions of children learning and understanding arithmetic, geometry and aspects of spatial reasoning by trying to understand how substances maintain the same quantity in volume even after the shape changes (Diessner, 2008). Piaget’s theory, the four stages of cognitive development directly correlate to the theory of conservation presented in the experiment but it must be noted that everyone develops at their own pace, some faster than others in certain areas (Maranowski, n. d. ). In the experiment described in Diessner selection 25 Conservation of Continuous Quantities, two identical, squat beakers and one tall, narrow beaker were used, despite a different setup in the original experiment by Piaget, with children ages ranging from 4 years to 7 years and 2 months old. Children in the first stage â€Å"Absence of Conservation† corresponding to the preoperational stage, thought there was an increase of decrease in the quantity of liquid contingent on the size or number of containers (Diessner, 2008). An explanation of this can be since in the preoperational stage a child’s ideas are based on their perceptions and only focus on one variable at a time, like the smaller containers of liquid (Mooney, 2000). In the second stage of â€Å"Intermediary Reactions† which would be the transition between the preoperational stage and the concrete operational stage, behaviors not displayed by all children was noted (Diessner, 2008). First, some children were able to assume that the quantity of liquid would not change when poured from the one tall beaker into the two smaller glasses, but when more glasses were introduced the child went back to the prior stage belief of nonconservation (Diessner, 2008). Another reaction to the experiment was that the child accepted the concept of conservation but as soon as the quantity was greater the child became uncertain (Diessner, 2008). An explanation for these reactions can be that as the child transitions from preoperational to concrete operational stage their ideas of reasoning are still developing (Mooney, 2000). Finally in stage 3 â€Å"Necessary Conservation† corresponds to Piaget’s concrete operational stage of cognitive development (Diessner, 2008). In this group children recognized that the quantities of liquid are conserved and the nature of its changes immediately, for the most part, without hesitation (Diessner, 2008). Since the children in this stage are considered to be in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development, it can be said that their understanding of the experiment can be explained by the behavior of being able to form ideas based on reasoning and their perception of the changes is better (Mooney, 2008). References Burk, C. (November, 2009). What is AVB?. Retrieved from http://www. christinaburkaba. com/AVB. htm Burton, M. , Kagan, C. (1994). The verbal community and the societal construction of consciousness. Behavioral and Social Issues. 4(12). (90-91).

A Literary Review Dealing with Nursing as a Profession Essays

A Literary Review Dealing with Nursing as a Profession Essays A Literary Review Dealing with Nursing as a Profession Paper A Literary Review Dealing with Nursing as a Profession Paper The purpose of this paper is to present a literary review dealing with nursing as a profession which pertains to health care. There are also five recent scholarly journals that have been specifically chosen, to complete a detailed annotated bibliography. Mullane, M. (2000). A Glance Back in time: future, higher education, and professional development. Nursing Forum, 35 (4), 41-45. Throughout this article the author presented information that demonstrated the concern of the future of nursing. She compares the past and present, stating that we are at a junction which is demanding a choice of direction in which way nursing may go. The direction of nursing is unknown especially concerning nursing education. The future of nursing depends upon many different things, it is affected by progress in health care and by it? s past. The scientific social forces that surround it today enforce it. This all rests upon nurses themselves and is shaped by administrators of our health services and by practicing physicians. The author feels that in the education field of nursing apprenticeship has advantage over other forms of education. She has acknowledged that the graduate is an expert in techniques, however by reinstating the apprenticeship system that was used in the past we will create a greater nurse. After reviewing the literature it is important to assess the level of expertise of the author. Mullane (2000), at the time of publication, had her RN, PhD, was Annotated Bibliography: 3 Dean of the College of Nursing at the University of Iowa in Iowa City. This journal was also one of many journal articles she has written. After completing the review of this research article I was able to determine the purpose of this article was to inform individuals that nursing is at a point where changes need to be made. With all the advancements we have we are able to make these changes to better the nursing profession. The author also suggests that we can return to the way things used to be, with more hands on. The article provides sufficient background information with specific dates and events. The intended audience of this paper was healthcare professionals, nurses, teachers, general public and colleagues. The author painted a picture of a nursing student who graduates out of University is an unprepared nurse not mentally but with hands-on tasks. The only sort of supplementary data this article offered was one other source from the Nursing Forum. Overall, this article is useful for nurses and healthcare professions who are interested in looking into the future of nursing. Annotated Bibliography: 4 Cardillo, D. (2001). Nursing, promote thyself: public relations, professional development and guidelines. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 14 (2), 40-49. The author suggested that nurses have been working quietly in the background, with little recognition. Therefore, it is time for nurses to come through and self-promote. The author feels it is vital to the survival and the long-term success of the profession. The article suggests ways to promote yourself as a nurse such as: taking stock of your strengths and assets, become active in nursing associations, when winning an award make it known, attend work-related social events and volunteer on committees. In order to determine the credibility of the article the credentials of the author must be assessed. Cardillo had achieved her RN, BS, is president of Cardillo Associates Professional Development Seminars in Wall, N. J. , also a keynote speaker, author and consultant. I am extremely confident the author is capable due to her credentials and the amount of experience she has accumulated throughout her years of being a nurse. Throughout this article the fundamental purpose is self-promotion in health care and how to accomplish it. This article however, does not deal with a great deal of background information, and does not use any other sources. The scope of the article is towards nurses in general. All the points throughout the article Annotated Bibliography: 5 pertain to promoting themselves. The general usefulness of this work for other individuals who are researching this topic is not extremely important, because they are more self-promotion tips for nursing staff. Annotated Bibliography: 6 Wyatt, J. S. (2001). How do you spell nursing? With a capital ? C?! : Nurses and caregivers. Pediatric Nursing Journal, 27 (1), 103-109. Throughout this article the author explains how nurses have remained dedicated caregivers, however the complexity of caring has changed. She discusses how nurses can strengthen the valuable foundation of caring and make it a greater visible part of the nursing profession. The article states that since the world has exploded with new scientific discoveries, theories and technologies it over powers what health care is all about, caring. She acknowledges the shortage of nursing staff but for many nurses patient care has become a game of ? beat the clock?. They want to see how many procedures, how fast and how efficient. When you look at the task you completed you realize the main goal of patient caring is gone. In order to determine if the author is an expert on the topic her credentials must be discussed. Wyatt has her PhD, RN, CRP and has over thirty years of experience in nursing. Her clinical nursing experience includes practice in intensive care units, community health settings, and as a primary care nurse practitioner and nurse researcher. She also has over twenty years of experience in undergraduate and graduate nursing education and now serves as the Executive Director of the National Certification Board of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners and Nurses, she also holds the leading certification organization for pediatric nursing. Annotated Bibliography: 7 I believe that this authors credentials are extremely impressive making her an expert in the field of nursing and caring. The fundamental purpose of this article is to show nurses what nursing is really about, caring. I t allows nurses to take a step back from their job and realize that maybe they have not been treating patients the way they should be treating them. This article provides a great deal of backgrounds information. It includes many other articles pertaining to caring also providing statistics. The main audience of this article is nursing staff and caregivers. It is geared towards helping them increase there caring towards patients. The general usefulness of this article for an individual who is doing an essay on the selected topic is by reading the article it makes you realize how the profession has changed over the years. It shows what can be done about the mistakes that the healthcare individuals are making and what nursing is really about. Annotated Bibliography: 8 Mee, C. L. (2001). Magic Moments: Nursing Careers. American Journal of Nursing, 31 (8), 6-10. The author presented her ideas on nursing and why she chose to become a nurse. She states the important aspects of a nursing career and the benefits on becoming a nurse. She has many specific ideas on what a nursing career contains she mentioned such aspects as holding patients hands, talking with them, making them smile, being kind, intelligent, making the frail feel sick, having great strength and control. Most importantly being aware that you could contribute to someone else wanting to be a nurse. In order to determine the credibility of the article the author? s credentials have to be assessed. Mee has achieved her RN, BScN and PhD she has the experience of years of nursing and has written many other articles on different aspects of nursing. One aspect of this article that increased my confidence level in the information was the author provided examples of her own nursing beliefs, values and experiences however there were no statistics or charts which decreases the value of research. The purpose of this article is to inform nurses that everything you do, people are watching you and you could impact there future. The author also states her ideas of what a nurse should include. The main audience intended for this article is nurses and individuals entering the nursing field. The general usefulness Annotated Bibliography: 9 of this article for individuals researching Nursing as a Profession is it allows you to absorb what nursing involves and how important a career in nursing really is. Annotated Bibliography: 10 Castledine, G. (2001). Healthcare professions must work better as teams. British Journal of Nursing, 10 (14), 959-964. Throughout this article the author discusses the essential ingredients of an interprofessional team. The essential ingredients are a common purpose, distinct professional skills, and a process of communicating effectively with each other. If each team member represents his/her own profession? s expertise adequately, then all that is needed is a little teamwork. He clearly states that in the healthcare field working, as a team is an essential factor. The author? s credentials are vital to determine the credibility of the article. Castledine is a Professor and Consultant of General Nursing at the University of Central England. I am confident that this author can be classified as an expert on the topic of Nursing as a profession due to his involvement in Nursing. To further his credibility this article was published by a scholarly refereed journal. The main purpose of this article was to inform individuals in healthcare that teamwork is needed to get the job done, without it you create chaos. The main audience of this article is anyone in the healthcare profession or anyone in a profession where you have to work with other individuals. The usefulness of this article for individuals writing an essay on this concept is it shows you ways in which you can improve your teamwork skills, because without teamwork in a healthcare profession you might as well go into another profession. Annotated Bibliography: 11 Conclusion After completing this Annotated Bibliography it is evident that nurses have an extremely large role in the health care profession. Throughout all five articles there was a connection, showing that without certain skills such as caring and team work nursing is not what it can be. The five selected articles within the Annotated Bibliography have provided me with a great source of information on Nursing as a Profession, I now have background information that will be used in every day class work and upcoming tests and assignments. Annotated Bibliography: 12 References Cardillo, D. (2001). Nursing, promote thyself: public relations, professional development and guidelines. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 14 (2), 40-49. Castledine, G. (2001). Healthcare professions must work better as teams. British Journal of Nursing, 10 (14), 959-964 Mee, C. L. (2001). Magic Moments: Nursing Careers. American Journal of Nursing, 31 (8), 6-10. Mullane, M. (2000). A Glance Back in time: future, higher education, and professional development. Nursing Forum, 35 (4), 41-45. Wyatt, J. S. (2001). How do you spell nursing? With a capital ? C?! : Nurses and caregivers. Pediatric Nursing Journal, 27 (1), 103-109.

Justification Report on Marketing Research Paper

Justification Report on Marketing - Research Paper Example Norton is antivirus software, which can prove to be significantly useful for the company to efficiently run its business activities in future. It is so because Simmons Company is engaged in the business of providing professional tax services for its clients who are either individuals or any business firms. Hence, it needs to make use of computers and internet frequently. This fact suggests that Norton can be very helpful for the company to increase its internet security through prevention from various virus and malware attacks. The potential resource that is required to support this recommendation is the use of computer and internet by the company in its business processes. It is also required to have information regarding the need of antivirus for the computers used by the company based on various customers’ feedback which can be easily obtained online and by undergoing a survey. The website of the company can also prove to be a valuable source of getting information regardin g the details of the services offered by the company. Hence this report can prove to be useful for the company to help run its business effectively and efficiently in future. Moreover, it can also help the company identify the needs of implementation of such antivirus software and know how it can be helpful for the Simmons Company. Justification Report Introduction Revise: The introduction should introduce the product (Norton Antivirius software) to the potential client the Simmons Company is selling the product to. Simmons Company is a professional CPA firm located at Salt Lake City, Utah, United States (Simmons & Company, 2012a). Marc L. Simmons is credited to be the owner of the company who is responsible for running the business activities in the organization (Simmons & Company, 2012b). It is engaged in the business of offering professional services related to the field of taxation requirements for its clients. The clients of Simmons Company include either individuals or the bus iness firms (Simmons & Company, 2012c). This report deals with the recommendation of implementing Norton branded computer security product which are produced by Symantec Corporation. Norton Antivirius is a software that is reputed for been effective in protecting computer and network systems against several threats. The software is designed to remove antiviruses, block malicious software, prevent hacking and phishing, clean infected files, and secure online transactions. The recommendation of Norton Antivirus is based on the issues or problems faced by the company related to its computer internet security. The problems identified, the methodologies used to collect information pertaining to the issue, the findings from such information collected, analysis of the findings and finally a conclusion and recommendations based on the findings and analysis will be discussed in this report. Problem Statement Simmons Company offers a variety of services to customers mainly online. However, ev ery now and then, the company’s systems are affected by viruses and malicious software so that customers receive products that are virus infected further risking their systems. In some cases, the company fails to deliver in time as a result of the threats posed by the viruses and malicious software. In some cases, customers complain that their accounts have been hacked following online transaction

QUESTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

QUESTIONS - Essay Example Many times a company has tried it once with failure thus they do not try it again. Attempting to determine why it didn’t work and implementing a new plan or successful approach can yield positive results. Often Managers see it as taking too much time to develop; this usually means the value they received from the effort put forth did not justify the resources they put forth. Also organizations complain they do not have enough data about the people in their organizations, in these cases implement the strategy where you do have enough data. Other initiatives are also seen as more important but without adequate staffing it is difficult to meet these successfully. 2. Explain the difference between a staffing strategy and a staffing plan? A staffing plan describes the staffing actions an organization is going to take to implement a staffing strategy; the plan may address recruiting, promotions and internal movements, retention, the use of part time staff and overtime and possible outsourcing of work. 3. How would you go about defining the right staffing levels for your company? To define required staffing levels it is important to understand what is behind changes in staffing levels in your company, identify what is driving staffing needs. Is this a change in the company’s activity, a shift in the product or service mix, geographic expansion or improvements in service levels? The organization also needs to identify limiting factors and define changes in roles and positions. Use a combination of quantitative techniques such as ratios or time based ratio’s where they are applicable. Supplement these with qualitative techniques such as conducting structured interviews with managers when quantitative approaches do not work for your company. 4. Provide three uncontrollable and three controllable staffing actions that could occur when creating a staffing model? Uncontrollable staffing actions include voluntary turnover, normal

Kant on Suicide Essay Example for Free

Kant on Suicide Essay 4. Explain and critically assess Kant’s argument that one has a duty to preserve one’s own life. As rational beings Kant believes we have a categorical duty of self-preservation to not wilfully take our own lives. Kant talks in depth about duty and believes we should act out of respect for the moral law. The will is the only inherent good, as we are only motivated by duty and nothing else. We should act only out of demands of the law, not from inclination, desires or to achieve a particular goal. Duty dictates we should never act or will something if we do not want it to become a universal law. Kant was against any form of suicide. He strongly believed that: in taking a life you treat humanity merely as a means to an end. Kant wouldn’t be interested in the suffering or pain caused to even a person who was terminally ill and wanted to end their life, nor would he take into consideration the family/friends suffering. In this essay I will be arguing that if we follow the categorical imperative it is immoral to sacrifice a life because it involves treating humanity merely as a means to an end. I will examine John Hardwig’s counter argument that we should end our own lives if more pain and suffering is caused by prolonging it/living it even if we are no longer a rational being. We must understand that Kant is saying; if I make a maxium e. g. – ‘if I am in unbearable suffering, I should take my own life’ – it must meet the universal law and be applied to everyone. Kant believes we ought to preserve our own lives because it is our moral duty (it is necessary and universal). John Hardwig however, would argue we also have the right to end our lives. Kant would dismiss this because ultimately humans are the bearers of rational life (e. g. it is too sacred to sacrifice). Suicide fails Kant’s Categorical Imperative on the following grounds: It seeks to shorten a life that promises more troubles than please, this would be killing yourself out of self-love; when in fact the real aim would be to live a life worth living, with more pleasure than difficulties. Kant isn’t claiming that it’s impossible for everyone to commit suicide or for everyone to will it (and therefore it becoming a universal law). He believes ‘it would not exist as nature; hence the maxim cannot obtain as a law of nature’. (Immanuel Kant, The Groundwork of the methaphysics of morals, Mary Gregor and Jens Timmermann, Cambridge University 2012, p45 emphasis added). Here Kant seems to be suggesting that suicide isn’t a natural path of life; that it goes against our purpose and that it’s a contradiction to end your life when your goal would be to have an enjoyable life. The idea that the destruction of life is incompatible with improvement suggests that nature couldn’t/wouldn’t allow self-love to be used in a way that is contrary to its purpose. There is surely an obviously contradiction here; in ending one’s life to prevent suffering, one is using one’s life mere means to an end, which automatically fails the categorical imperative. Take the case of Maria Von Herbert- she is clearly appealing to Kant, if under any circumstances; suicide is morally acceptable? He isn’t as blatant with her as in his writings, but let us not forget, Kant doesn’t see woman as rational beings. I agree with Rae Langton that Kant totally bypasses the reason Herbert is writing to him. He doesn’t confront her on suicide but instead reduces her problem to a moral dilemma (regrets lying or telling the truth ), which as an intelligent woman whom has read all his writings; she could work out for herself. Could this have made Kant certain that she did lie and therefore fail the kingdom of ends? Perhaps Kant is being hypocritical; he doesn’t tell Maria the whole truth of suicide merely reducing her to ‘a thing’. He tells Maria she should be ‘ashamed’ for not telling the truth to her former friend but, doesn’t this apply for himself too? Is he just avoiding the truth (states this is just as bad a lying) by not confronting her about suicide? Most likely he wants her to be autonomous and get to the reason herself. Hardwig disagrees with Kant. Take a different situation; Is a terminally ill person-needing 24/7 care, who is entirely financially reliant- only using their family as a means to an end? You can see this as a ‘two way street’ situation. Kant doesn’t look to consequences of an action; it wouldn’t matter to his philosophy that the ill person’s family suffers because they are preserving their life. But is there a flaw? (1) I ought to do my duty as long as I am alive; and (2) It is my duty to go on living as long as possible. Kant strongly believes that you can’t affirm life by taking your own. There is only one exception. Kant claims those who die in battle are ‘victims of fate’ (not simply suicide because they chose to fight). He holds the view that it is better to die in battle than to die of a wound in hospital. Kant believes it’s noble to risk our lives for others- nobody uses us as mere means and we follow our own maxium. We are no longer forced into serving for our country or deceived into joining (if this did happen it would fail the CI because we wouldn’t be treated as rational beings and would be used as mere means and not as ends in ourselves). John Hardwig strongly believes that life should be treated no differently from death. We are free to live in the way we want, so why aren’t we free to die in the way we want (when and how)? He also switches the question but Kant would simply say we have a duty to live. Hardwig has also argued that medical advances eliminate the threats of many terminal illnesses. He then concludes, if our continued existence creates signi? cant hardship for our loved ones, we have a duty to die. By continuing a live of suffering the burden that this person imposes on others is often great. One may have the duty to die in order to relieve them of these burdens. This argument seems to be based on fairness. Kant would refute this; suffering is a tool of reasoning and it ensures the development of mankind. Kant strongly believes that we should preserve our own lives. The argument though strong is flawed. 1- All duties are absolute- Kant doesn’t advise us on how to resolve conflicting duty (for example: help others vs. never kill). 2- He discounts moral emotions like compassion, sympathy, desire and remorse as appropriate and ethical motives for action. 3- Kant completely ignores the consequences of an action and is purposefully blind to following circumstances. He states that human life is valuable because humans are the bearers of rational life. We have the great capacity to think, organize, plan etc. and Kant holds this as being valuable. Therefore we should not sacrifice this for anything (as previously discussed autonomous creatures should not be treated merely as a means or for the happiness of another). There are also great issues with Hardwigs counter argument; if we agree that we have the duty to die; who has the duty to die? When do they have they duty to die? Although this argument is strong is some areas (greater burden), it is greatly flawed. It would be extremely difficult to universalize a maxium for everyone to follow so they could decide if at that moment they had the duty to die. A problem would also occur if the family disagreed with the ill person’s decision, which could cause great problems within society (though Kant would not look to consequences but they are greatly important to Hardwigs argument). I believe –and agree with Kant- that if we follow the categorical imperative it is immoral to sacrifice anyone at all (including yourself) because it involves treating the humanity in that person as merely a means to an end. I also accept and agree with his point that it seems to go against our purpose and is an unnatural path for us to take a life. I find it interesting that Kant believes suffering is a tool of development and therefore essential to us. Though John Hardwigs argument is partly convincing, if we were all given the choice of when we should die, would we find the right time? This would be very hard to govern, as people would of course take advantage of this right. I’ve found it hard to find a counter argument to Kant’s stance -without suffering there wouldn’t be cures and perhaps less happiness. Therefore I have to agree with Kant that it only allows us to grow and develop. Thus we do have the duty to preserve our own lives even if it is riddled with suffering.

Comparing Revenge in The Bargain and Haircut :: comparison compare contrast essays

Revenge in The Bargain and Haircut There are many character similarities between Mr. Baumer in "The Bargain," and Jim, of Ring Lardner's story, "Haircut;" however, the major difference is the motive for their revenge. Both characters show lots of wit and brains, as well as pride and remorse. Getting revenge is very important to both of them, quite obviously to the reader. However, Mr. Baumer is quiet while Jim is loud and obnoxious, only trying to get attention at someone else's expense. They also show differences in their motives for revenge, and severity in it. Both men, as residents in a small town, are very well-known by all and all watch them, in even such cases where they are humiliated. Being men, and having pride, they cannot stand to be embarrassed in front of everyone else. Their pride has been hurt, and they return the favor...until later when the spotlight is moved to someone else, equally if not more humiliated. Jim, a prankster in a small hickish town in the country, is probably best classified as a town bully, getting even for everyone else in the town's wrongdoing. The judge, jury, and executioner, he gets away with everything he darn well wants to, until someone in this little town takes action and blows him away. He is loud and obnoxious, with selfish motives, only trying to make himself look better. He doesn't even show consideration for his own family. Meanwhile, Mr. Baumer has been repeatedly picked on by a certain member of HIS small hickish town, as well as getting all of his money ripped off. He is humiliated constantly, in front of all of the town members. Mr. Baumer gets his revenge by subtly hiring his persecutor, who is illiterate and an alcoholic, as a delivery man. This man drank himself to his death by drinking wood alcohol.

Operations Management in Daimond Manufacturing Essay

Definition Operation Management is the activity of managing the resources which produce and deliver goods and services (Slack et al, 2010). These activities commences from the very initial production stage of information gathering right up to the final stage of consumer consumption of the product. Every organization does operation management even if they do not notice it. All organizations produce goods and/or services and to create goods and/or services, the organization must perform a number of operations which must be effectively and efficiently managed. 1. 2 Role of Operations Management Operations Management is of prime importance in all sectors, cells, functions, units and groups within the organization. An organization is a system and according to the business dictionary, (http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/system. html) a system is ‘An organized, purposeful structure that consists of interrelated and interdependent elements (components, entities, factors, members, parts etc. ). These elements continually influence one another (directly or indirectly) to maintain their activity and the existence of the system, in order to achieve the goal of the system’. Read more: http://www. usinessdictionary. com/definition/system. html#ixzz2QSyXAP1f . All employees are part of this system and have a common interest in making the consumer to receive goods and/or services in the best way possible. So I will say every manager in every part of the organization is to some extent an operational manager. According to James (2011), the role of operations manag ement is to manage the transformation of an organization’s inputs into finished goods and services using processes. Processes are actually present in all areas of the organization from Human Resource to Finance to Marketing to Procurement etc. 1. The ‘Input – Transformation – Output’ process Resources can either be transforming resources or transformed resources. After the transformation process is complete, transforming resources give rise to transformed resources. According to James (2011), there are 2 main types of transforming resources: * Facility which comprises of land, building, plant and equipment. * Staff which comprises of everyone involved in the operation process. There are 3 main types of transformed resources: * Material. Transformation can be physical (manufacturing), by location (transportation), by storage (warehousing), or by ownership (retail). Information. Transformation can be by property (accountant’s information), by p ossession (market research), by storage (libraries) or by location (telecommunication). * Customer. Transformation can either be physical (plastic surgery), by storage (hotel accommodation), by location (airline transport), by physiological state (hospital), or by psychological state (entertainment). Input Output Input that will be transformed * Material * Information * Customer Input that will transform * People * Facility * Goods * Services Transformation Input Output Input that will be transformed * Material * Information * Customer Input that will transform * People * Facility * Goods * Services Transformation Figure 1: The ‘Input-Transformation-Output’ process 2 Operations Strategy 2. 1 Definition Strategy is defined by Johnson et al, (2008) as ‘the direction and scope of an organization over the long term: ideally, which matches its resources to its changing environment and in particular its markets, customers or clients so as to meet stakeholder expectations. ’ 3. 2 Levels of Strategy Strategy can be viewed from 3 levels which are: The Corporate level: This level looks at the long term position of the company. It answers questions like ‘where will the organization be in 10 years? Or are we going to launch a new product in a new market? ’ The Business level: This level looks at the market and is concerned with the goods and services which the organization has to offer. It answers questions like ‘how do we compete? ’ The Functional level: This level deals with the functional aspect of the organization like finance, marketing, human resource etc. It answers questions like ‘how do we manage our financial resources’. . 3 Operations Strategy Operations strategy is the total pattern of decisions which shape the long-term capabilities of any operation and their contribution to overall strategy, through the reconciliation of market requirements with operations resources (Slack and Lewis, 2011). A 5 step structure has been designed by Hill (2005) so as to design and understand a goo d operation strategy. The steps are as follows: 1. Define Corporate Objectives Here, long term objectives are set-up so as to give the company balance and a good direction. At this stage, Sparkle does environmental scanning and the company also looks at its core competences, core processes and its global objectives. Performance Indicators (KPIs) are also established here so as monitor the accomplishment of these objectives. Top management uses a number of models which includes PESTEL, SWOT and Porter’s 5 forces. See appendix A. 2. Set Marketing Strategies Here Sparkle identifies the market it wants to compete in and then it looks on how to compete in these markets. Ansoff’s matrix is used. | New Product| Existing Product| NewMarket| Diversification| Market Development| Existing Market| Product Development| Market Penetration/ Market Growth| Figure 5: Ansoff Matrix. Source: Kaplan Financial Ltd, 2008. Sparkle uses the market penetration/market growth pathway for now. With time, they will start manufacturing out of the UK thus implementing the market development strategy. It is yet not known if they are thinking of one day starting up the production of a new product. 3. How do we gain competitive advantage? At this stage of Hill’s structure, the organization is to find ways to make its product win other products in the market. For this to happen, the organization must have a base to make its competition and this base is usually one or more of the following performance objectives: speed, quality, cost, dependability and flexibility. See chapter 3. Sparkle uses the above performance objectives to gain competitive advantage but it must be noted that, competitive advantage must: * Be real * Add value (to the consumer) and * Be difficult to imitate. 4. Choose a delivery system Here, the organization has to choose an appropriate delivery system so as to meet up with speed and maybe dependability. In Sparkle, most orders are icked up by the customer but if not, Sparkle uses their vans which have a high level of security for close distances or they post the jewelry for faraway distances. 5. Choose your Infrastructure The company at this phase has to choose all necessary infrastructures that it has to obtain so as to gain an edge over its competitors in the market. Different organizations in different industries wi ll need different types of infrastructures. But in the diamond manufacture industry, the infrastructures are almost the same and can hardly give competitive advantage. 3 Performance Objectives In the present congested and very competitive business environment, companies must do something extra so as to stand out of the crowd. For them to do this, they must react to what customers value and these fall into the following category. They are called performance objectives. 1. Cost 2. Quality 3. Dependability 4. Reliability 5. Speed Sparkle is aware of the tight competition in the diamond market and it takes its performance objectives very seriously so as to gain competitive advantage. Before achieving the above performance objectives, they must achieve the 4 Cs (see appendix B). * Cost. The principle of cost is doing things cheaply. Sparkle changes its processes, its materials and its suppliers every now and then so as to operate on a lower cost scale. They buy rough diamonds directly from the companies who buy them from the mine and sometimes the make orders directly from the mine so as to reduce cost because the more intermediaries there are, the higher the final price. They sometimes buy more rough diamonds than what the actually need so as to gain discount for bulk buying. They automate most of their processes to reduce the number of hours worked by human beings thus reducing total wages. Quality. This involves producing durable high standard error-free goods that consumers perceived to the good. In the fashion business, quality is king because consumers are becoming more conscious of what they wear. One can say that everything in the diamond industry is of good quality so in this kind of high standard industry, quality is not the issue but superb quality. Spark le buys the best of the rough stones which are hand-picked one after the other so that their final product will be of the best quality and they will have very little waste during production. * Dependability. This is doing everything on time so as to keep commitments and promises made to customers. Sparkle has a track record and reputation of never keeping its customers waiting. Customers’ diamonds are always fully processed before the pick-up date. Customers love coming to this organization because they know they can rely on them when it comes to delivery. There was a scandal in March 2008 in Real Diamonds where a couple arrange for their wedding rings costing thousands of pounds to be manufactured but the company was unable to meet up with the due date so the couple had to use different rings for the wedding. Flexibility. This is being able to change what you produce or how you produce it. Sparkle is very flexible in regards to their products because they produce apparently anything requested by the customer. We pride ourselves on being different, you won’t find our jewelry just anywhere, we appreciate that you want something special to you (Source: sparlediamonds. com/abo ut). They manufacture dressing rings, marriage rings, engagement rings, necklaces, earrings, bracelets, bangles and designers jewelry out of diamond. Over the years, they have come up with different diamond designs thought by others as impossible and have now gained a name as being the company that uses diamond to manufacture anything and everything. On the other hand, their production process is flexible too but not very flexible. They change little bits of their production process all the time to cut down cost and to increase the quality of the diamonds but this change is never a big change (process improvement). Figure 5: Different items made out of diamond. Source: * Speed. This can be described as how responsive an organization is to the customers’ demands and complain. It is a measure of the time between a customer’s order or complain to the time when that customer’s order or complain is sorted out fully. Sparkle is very fast in dealing with complains. Any customer who comes to the company with a complaint is not allowed to leave when the matter concerned has not been resolved. Complains made online take a maximum of 2 working days to be dealt with and those by post takes a little more time. Figure 5: Different colors of diamond. Source: 4 Product Design . 1 Definition Product/service design is the process of defining the specification of products and/or services in order for them to fulfill a specific market need (Slack et al, 2009). According to Russell and Taylor (2009), new product designs can provide a competitive edge by bringing new ideas to the market quickly, doing a better job of satisfying customers’ needs, or be ing easier to manufacture, use and repair. Product design is of great importance in any organization because consumers are becoming more and more conscious of the products they consume and their contents. Almost everybody in the organization is involved in product design because bringing in a new product design is not just about the market requirement but it is also about anticipating future demand and this needs imagination and creativity. In coming out with a good product design, market requirements, technical issues, cost, quality, investment information and the target market must be considered and dealt with appropriately. Diamond design ‘step by step’ Various steps are followed when coming out with a good diamond design. 1. Generating Ideas Ideas to bring up a new diamond designs can come from anywhere and comes from everywhere. Some organizations look only within the organization and come up with a diamond design but this approach is very dangerous because it can easily back fire leading to a poor design. Ideas in Sparkle usually come from: * The customers who will use the product. Most at times, the customer comes to the organization with a design in mind. The design team in the organization then sits with the customer and adds ideas to perfect the customer’s request. * The employees who serve the customers. These groups of persons know exactly what customers wants because they are the people who take customers specifications, demands and complaints. They play an important role in the creation of a new design. * Competitors and any new technology. Sparkle sometimes looks at the designs of its competitors like Avi Paz and tries to modify it so as to create something better than theirs. * Research and Development (R&D) Department. One of their major roles in the organization is to look for new possible designs which will entice customers. It is at this stage that the diamond color, size, weight, cut grade, clarity grade, carat weight, laser inscription and shape is decided. Figure 4: Computer simulated diamond designing in progress. Source: www. sparklediamonds. com 2. Product Screening According to Slack et al (2009), not all concepts and ideas generated will be capable of being developed into products and/or services. Each idea generated is taken and examined to see whether or not they are acceptable, feasible and vulnerable. Fig 5 illustrates. Figure 5| Some typical evaluation questions for marketing, operations and finance. | Evaluation Criteria| Marketing| Operations| Finance| Feasibility| Is the market likely to be big enough? | Do we have capabilities to produce it? Do we have access to sufficient finance to develop and launch it? | Acceptability| How much market share could it gain? | How much will we have to reorganize our activities to produce it? | How much financial return will there be on our investment? | Vulnerability| What is the risk of it failing in the market place? | What is the risk of us being able to produce it acceptable? | How much money could we lose if things do not go as planned? | Fi g 5: Slack et al (2009) Some typical evaluation questions for marketing, operations and finance [e-book] p. 89 3. Preliminary Design At this stage, the design is reviewed by the cutters and polishers to see if the can really produce the diamond and any unnecessary complexity in the diamond’s design is eliminated because such complexities can build cost. For example; there are some unnecessary and unnoticed cuts in a diamond’s design but these cuts could split the whole diamond if not done carefully. Because customers will not even notice the additional cuts and even if they do, they will not be willing to pay an addition for it so the cuts are eliminated. Figure 4: Different diamond designs (drawing). Source: Figure 4: Different diamond designs. Source: 4. Final Design After all the above has been done, a prototype is then created out of glass and tested to see if it meets market requirements, technical requirements and the financial limit. Tangible prototypes are created and virtual (computer simulations) model too to properly assess the diamond before production goes any further. Sometimes, customers are called in to see the prototype and give their feedback from which some adjustments may be made on the product’s design. An after acceptance, diamond cutting commences. Figure 5: Prototype diamond made out of fine glass. Source: 5 Process Design 5. 1 Definition Process design is Sequence of interdependent and linked procedures which, at every stage, consume one or more resources (employee time, energy, machines, money) to convert inputs (data, material, parts, etc. ) into outputs. These outputs then serve as inputs for the next stage until a known goal or end result is reached (www. businessdictionary. com). Read more: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/process. tml#ixzz2QTQAtoBi When deciding a product design, it is advisable to simultaneously come up with a matching process design. This will entail the flow of the process and Barnes (2008) said that the design of processes is different in all organizations and these designs will be based on the volume and variety of the demand for the product in the market. He further categorized the processes under project, jobbing, batch, line and conti nuous. Types of Processes There are different production processes namely project, jobbing, batch, line and continuous. See Appendix C. Sparkle is in a business of very expensive products which are very small in size so they do jobbing. Customers usually give orders which are produced by the company (make to order). They usually hold little or no fully-processed inventory. The Production Process Diamond ore is sorted by density using X-rays. Before that technology became available, grease belts were used to separate diamonds from the rest of the ore, due to the diamonds’ greater tendency than other minerals to stick to grease. Rough diamonds are then set to be cut as gemstones in the cutting laboratory. A diamond has different cuts and different professional specialize on different cuts. This is the most daunting task of diamond production because a bad cut will cost the company a fortune. Figure 5: Diamond plan before cutting. Source Cutting produces the facets associated with a diamond. The angles of the facets maximize light, giving the diamond its greatest possible luster (dispersion of white light). The cutting process can take as much as 50% of a rough diamond’s weight. Figure 5: Illustration of diamond facets. Source: A number of factors come into play when deciding how a diamond should be cut. X-rays are employed to analyze the stone’s crystallographic structure, its hardness and ability to cleave. The diamond’s flaws are considered, and the cutter decides which to remove and which can remain. Either a hammer or a diamond saw can be used to split the diamond – the hammer is quicker, but the saw is surer. Figure 5: Diamond cutting. Source: A number of institutes in the diamond industry offer courses for diamond cutters, but the bulk and most crucial part of the training for this delicate trade take place during the cutter’s apprenticeship. A diamond may get its final cut from many skilled hands: the diamond marker or designer; the diamond sawyer; the diamond cutter or brute; the cross-worker; and the brillianteer. After the initial cutting, diamonds undergo the polishing stages, usually performed by a technician as the process is a standard one. Polished diamonds are reexamined for flaws, which can be addressed through enhancement techniques or disguised when set in jewelry. Figure 5: Diamond Polishing. Source: Finally, the polished diamonds are sold to individuals, retailers, wholesalers and jewelry shops. Figure 5: Diamond quality check. Source 6 Planning, Control ;amp; Innovation In any good type of project or manufacture to be successful, it must be planned at the very beginning and at the end, it has to be controlled to make sure that the planned processes and cost is not very different from the actual. Businesses must also continuously innovate so as to move line to line with the changing tastes of consumers and to beat numerous designs from competitors. 6. 1 Planning Eur says this about planning â€Å"It lists the phases and encapsulates all the main parameters, standards and requirements of the project in terms of time, cost and quality/performance by setting out the ‘Why’, ‘What’, ‘When’, ‘Who’, ‘Where’, and ‘How’, of the project. † Planning therefore looks at the entire process, product and project but in an imaginary form which has not yet happened but it is wished that it should happen that way. 6. 1. 1 Advantages of Planning 1. It gives direction of what has to be done and how it has to be done. 2. It assigns responsibilities on every person thus answering â€Å"Who does what? 3. A good plan will see problems a project, product or process will encounter before the problem strikes. 4. A plan helps us to manage cost, quality and design side by side with the profit we will want to make on the product. 5. Plans are used to assess how well a product, process, p roject or person has done. 6. 1. 2 Disadvantages of Planning 1. It is usually made up by top management and given to the employees down the management ladder who just follow it. 2. Plans are usually followed to the latter. Even when some changes have to done, it is not because a plan is being followed. 3. Plans are usually just estimates and it has no use in turbulent economic environments as the plan and the actual are usually very different. 6. 2 Control Control involves measuring the actual results against the plan and then taking action to adjust actual performance so that it moves in line with the plan. So in other words, control is only possible when we have a plan. Control has a feedback phase and this involves adjusting the actual to move in line with the plan or reporting differences between actual and budget so that there may be no such discrepancies in the future. 6. 3 Innovation Innovation is defined by the oxford dictionary as â€Å"changing something established by introducing new methods, ideas or products. † Just like there is no control where there is no plan, there is no innovation where there is no control. They all rely on one another. After control has been done, feedback is sent back and improvement or innovation is made. But in the complex business environment operating now, innovation just not just come from within the company but from outside the company like from competitors and especially from the consumers due to the rapid change in customers taste, design and fashion. In the diamond manufacture industry, there are many different innovative ways manufacturing diamonds and Sparkle has had the following innovations: 1. The Supercut design Sparkle has introduced the innovative supercut design into the industry: a patented ideal emerald cut, with more than twice the facets of a traditional Emerald – providing unparalleled brilliance and fire. The culmination of three years of research, the supercut gives extraordinary brilliance and reflection and this innovation gives Sparkle competitive advantage in terms of having good designs with extraordinary glittering. 2. Precision cutting Since 2010, Sparkle has brought in a technology of cutting the diamonds using computer software and this cut is so exact that less than 0. 000002% waste is created from diamond cutting. Waste use to be about 0. 5% during diamond cutting and this innovation has caused drastic cost saving making Sparkle to be more competitive in terms of cost. 3. Sparkle offers a wide range of jewelry manufacturing processes, including design, modeling, prototyping, grooving, setting, finishing and meticulous quality control; all featuring our own fine diamonds, and designed for clients’ to sell under their private labels. . 4 The ‘Planning – Control – Innovation’ Cycle. From the above notes, it can be seen that planning, control and innovation work together. Sparkle’s cycle looks like this. Plan Procurement of unrefined stones. Process the stones into fine diamond. Sell and make a reasonable gain. Actual Procurement of unrefined stones. Process the stones into fine diamond. Sell and make a reasonable gain. Control Looks at the difference between what was planned and what actually happened. External Information Customer specific design New tastes and fashion Design from competitors Market Research (R&D) Feedback and Innovation Plan Procurement of unrefined stones. Process the stones into fine diamond. Sell and make a reasonable gain. Actual Procurement of unrefined stones. Process the stones into fine diamond. Sell and make a reasonable gain. Control Looks at the difference between what was planned and what actually happened. External Information Customer specific design New tastes and fashion Design from competitors Market Research (R&D) Feedback and Innovation Figure 7. The ‘planning-control-innovation’ cycle. 6. Changes happening in the diamond industry. * Researchers are on the verge of bringing in new materials which reflect light better than diamond and these materials are stronger and more durable than diamond. But, they will be far cheaper than diamonds and this is going to be a big problem to diamond manufacturers as the demand for diamond will surely drop. An example is synthetic stones. * In response to growing concern over illic it trade in conflict or â€Å"blood† diamonds, the United Nations General Assembly established the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme in 2003. This scheme is going to make sure of the source of every single diamond so as to ensure that they are from a genuine source. This happening will increase the price of diamond because more than 55% of diamonds are from Africa and the mines there are operated by very cheap labor and sometimes by slaves, women and children. The UN will come in and stop this practice thus increasing the cost of labor, working conditions and ultimately the price for diamonds. 7 Quality Management Quality is one of the performance objectives and it is taken very seriously by all organizations because if achieved, may give them competitive advantage. Some organizations rely on quality more than others and the fashion and health industry takes quality as primary considering the fact that people want to look good and in good health. Quality is a matter of perception so what can be called quality for A might not necessarily be called quality for B. According to Garvin (1984), the attributes in quality for a product are: * Performance * Features * Reliability * Conformance * Durability * Serviceability * Aesthetics * Other perceptions Parasuraman et al. (1985), on the other hand listed 5 attributes in defining what is quality of a service? nd they are: * Reliability – Are we always going to get on time delivery? * Responsiveness – Are the always going to respond quickly to our demands and complaints? * Assurance – Are we assured of their competence? * Empathy – Does the organization feel and understand customers’ needs and concerns? * Tangibles – Is the physical surrounding conducive? 7. 1 Qu ality in the Organization But in relation to Sparkle, the best definition of quality is that as per Slack et al. (2009) â€Å"quality is consistent conformance to customers’ expectation† and I will say and even surpassing those expectations. Sparkle uses total quality management as their quality management technique. They look for means and ways to maintain and continuously improve quality at each stage of the production process. All employees meet once a month to discuss on how to improve the organization’s present performance. Books by Deming, Crosby, Juran, Hill and other total quality management gurus are in the company’s library and research department for employees to read and be motivated to contribute into the organization’s performance. All employees are made to know that quality and customer’s requirements being met comes before any other thing. The organization has a suggestion box where employees can write any inspiring idea that comes in mind and this box is emptied every day and read by the research staff and it is summarized and sent to the manager examine. 7. 2 The Cost of Quality Quality has a cost which is like a double-edged sword meaning that good quality will have a cost and bad quality will also have a cost. 7. 2. 1 The Cost of Good Quality This is also known as the cost of quality assurance. Sparkle has a lot of this cost because they are continuously always trying to get better in quality all over the organization so as to better serve customers’ needs. The cost of quality assurance is further divided into prevention cost and appraisal cost. * Prevention cost is the cost of trying to make everything right on first attempt and some of this cost are: * Sparkle does not give a command for precious stones and wait for the stones to come. They go to the supplier’s premises and pick the stones one after the other and not in groups to ensure the best stones are taken. The supplier charges more for this. * The cost of designing the jewelry in a computer automated system and running several checks with other very expensive bespoke software before the design is confirmed. Sparkle trains its employees every 6 months and buys books to update them on new technologies and to keep their skills up and awake. * All employees are taught a wide variety of skills so that if a certain employee is not available to do a specific thing, there will always be another to do it. * Appraisal cost is concerned with controlling quality and this is achieved by testing the process before the product is manufactured and testing the product before it gets to the customer. Some of these costs are: * The cost incurred in testing all equipment, machines and ensuring staffs are fit and able before any diamond is processed. The cost of checking the diamond after manufacture by employees and with the use of a computer aided personalized software which is very expensive to make sure that the diamonds are flawless. * The time spent in testing the diamonds ensuring the pass all the set of test before and after manufacture. 7. 2. 2 The Cost of Bad Quality All organizations including Sparkle wants to evade this cost because it is very dangerous and it can even bring down the entire organization in a blink of an eye. The cost of bad quality is divied into internal failure cost and external failure cost. Internal failure cost is cost incurred before the product reaches the customer. Some of this cost are: * The cost of scrap. Diamonds are very expens ive so any little scrap of badly shaped diamond is worth a whole lot. So Sparkle makes sure the best quality diamond is procured and diamond cutting should be not less than perfect. * The cost of reshaping ill-shaped diamonds and gluing broken once. * The resources lost in repairing diamonds. Labor, machine time, and electricity are used which should have if the diamonds were made right the first time. External failure cost arises after the product has been received by the customer and some of this cost include: * The cost listening to customer complaints and responding to them. * The cost of replacing a defective diamond which a customer has rejected. This can cause the organization a fortune. * The customer might have to take the company to court and the organization will pay a huge sum if the lost the lawsuit. Some compensation may run to millions of pounds and could bring the organization to its end. * One of the most dangerous costs is that which we don’t see. An example is the lost sale and contribution. When a customer is dissatisfied, he will most at times not want to come back and he will discourage a potential customer who will discourage another customer to come to us. Saying all this, quality should be treated like an egg in the midst of rocks. 8 Supply Chain Management 8. 1 Definition Supply Chain is the management of the interconnection of organizations that relate to each other through upstream and downstream linkages between the processes that produce value to the ultimate consumer in the form of products and services (Slack et al. 2010). A supply chain is a holistic network starting from the sourcing of material, through its transportation to the organization’s premises, to manufacturing, to storage and warehousing and finally to consumers. So it is a whole system and it works as one therefore is one part of the chain is broken, the whole system will fall apart and consumers’ will not be satisfied. 8. 2 Sparkleâ⠂¬â„¢s Supple Chain Stage 1 Sparkle’s supply chain starts from the diamond mines in Africa which produce more than 50% of total diamonds to mines in India, Russia, Canada and Australia. The mines usually dug very deep but the deepest diamond mine runs for about 160km passing through sand, rocks, and gravel to be blasted drilled, crushed and processed. It should be noted that only 20% of diamonds from mines can be polised and used for jewelry; the rest is used for industrial use. The stones picked here are very rough still with no beauty (see figure 10). Stage 2 Companies and independent buyers go to these mines and buy the rough stones from the mine owners and take them to their premises for processing. These stones are then processed to make them a little bit more presentable so that diamond manufacturers can then buy them and further process them into diamonds. Diamonds at this stage looks like that in figure 11. Figure 8: Trapping stones to look for diamonds in an African mine. Source: Figure 9: A typical unprocessed diamond. Source: Figure 10: Unprocessed diamonds directly from the mine. Source Figure 11: Diamonds which have been slightly processed. Source: Stage 3 Sparkle buys the diamonds in fig. 11 and examines them with the use of a computer aided personalized software. After a series of checks, rejected diamonds will be sent back to the suppliers and the good ones will be cut into different shapes so as to give the greatest value. After cutting, the diamond goes through computer aided software to confirm its perfection and after this, it is polished and cleaned. Sparkle will also buy what the diamonds are going to be fitted on because people will scarcely buy a chunk of diamond. Diamonds are usually fitted on rings, pens, earrings, belts and many more (see figure 14). These things are usually bought from top manufacturers with good design and quality and they are usually very expensive. Figure12: Diamond cutting in Sparkle. Source: Figure 13: Diamond polishing in Sparkle Source: Stage 4 After polishing and the diamond have an unblemished shine, shape and color, it is then taken by the customers. Some of the customers ordered just a few and sometimes even just one special diamond while other big customers like jewelry shops order bigger quantities at ones. It is either Sparkle delivers the diamond to the place agreed by the customer or the customer comes to the organization’s site on an agreed date and after a phone call to pick up the diamond. The supply chain ends after the diamond has reached the customer. Figure 14: Finished diamond ready for the customer. Source: Figure 15: Diamonds bought by jewelry shops. Source: The Mine The Cutting Company Polishing Customers Jewelry Shops Manufacturing The Mine The Cutting Company Polishing Customers Jewelry Shops Manufacturing The supply chain of Sparkle is a good and effective. Its success can sometimes be attributed to the information technology they use. They use the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system which brings in data from all sources and this is used to know when suppliers have diamonds and the variouse categories, to know when jewelry shops are running short of iamonds, and many more (all discussed in chapter 9). Figure 16: Sparkle’s Supply Chain 9 Information Systems As seen in chapter 1, â€Å"Operation Management is the activity of managing the resources which produce and deliver goods and services† (Slack et al, 2010). For these activities to be properly managed, it needs the help of automated process and compu ter aided techniques. Information systems are found throughout an organization and if used well reduce costs and can be a source of gaining competitive advantage. 9. 1 Computer Aided Techniques Sparkle uses information systems in many ways in its business. Listed below are some specialized computer aided programs used. 1. They use Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP) which gives an optimum layout of the cutting steps and their sequence (this is different for different diamonds). There are many diamond cutting machines and they all have different cutting styles and they are operated by specialist in the different cutting sectors. So the CAPP examines a diamond and gives different possible steps on which machine to use first and which not to use so as to minimize waste and give the diamond the best possible cuts so as reflect light in an optimal way. 2. They use Computer Aided Designs (CAD) to design the shape of diamonds on a computer and finished diamonds can actually be seen even before processing starts. If an error is made in the design, it can be corrected but this could have been impossible without CAD. 3. The also use Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) which takes the drawings and designs from the CAD and test them for perfection. Different test are administered and the flawlessness of a diamond can be confirmed even before manufacture. 4. Automated Material Handling (AMH) system is also used. Diamonds are very expensive and so care must be taken at each step. The AMH system improves efficiency in diamond movement, storage and retrieval. 5. The Laser Security System (LSS) is used where diamonds are kept be it rough stones, semi-processed diamonds and fully processed diamonds. Invisible laser rays crisscross the diamonds and it needs a password to be deactivated. Only top managers have the password and the password of each of them is different making it easy to know who accessed the diamond safe. If someone tries to pass through the laser rays, it can kill or paralyze them and the security alarm is automatically triggered and an automated call goes to the nearest police station. . Security Camera Systems (SCS) make use of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) at all times to monitor the whole building especially where inventory is held. 7. The Inventory Control System (ICS) gives detail information about each diamond rough, semi-processed or fully processed held in inventory at any point in time. Management must no go into the safe to see what t hey have in stock because the ICS does it all. This system is also used online to make customers see the diamonds, its specification and all other relevant information. Figure 16: The CAD system used to design a blue diamond. Source: Figure 17: The virtual version of the diamond in fig 16. Source: 9. 2 Pros and Cons of Information Technology (IT) IT is a very necessary tool in any organization be it a big or a small one. IT has advantages and disadvantages. They are listed in Appendix D including ‘Why IT cannot replace Human Beings’. 9. 3 Information Systems ‘Information system can be defined as a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization’ (Laundon & Laundon, 2006). Most organizations use some form of computer-based technology to accumulate, organize and distribute information’ (Ted, 2011) and Sparkle is not an exception. They use a set of interrelated information systems. 9. 3. 1 Transaction Processing System (TPS) This system is used to account for day by day transactions of Sparkle. It records all sales, purchases, expenses, income, tax, bills paid, equipment bough t and all other transactions performed by organization. This system is also used to account for employee’s attendance, absences, pay, overtime, bonuses, remuneration, and all other things concerning the employees. . 3. 2 Supply Chain System (SCS) This system deals with customers and suppliers. It monitors the stock in the jewelry shops so as to know when to give the shops an offer. It monitors the stocks which are demanded more and those demanded less so as to know when to produce. It tracks frequent and valuable customers and grades them into groups so as know how to give discounts. This system also monitors the stock in the cutting companies. It looks at the new stocks and compares price side by side quality so as to know which supplier to order rough diamonds from. 9. 3. 3 Knowledge Management System (KMS) In Sparkle, all manufacturing processes are recorded and stored in the KMS. Any ideas gotten either by inspiration, customer’s requirement, employees’ suggestions or business intelligence are stored in the KMS for future use. Sparkle is said to be very innovative and has this edge over its rivals because of its mastery of the KMS. When a new employees is recruited, he has 2 weeks probation where he is taught how to operate in the organization and how processes function. Before the implementation and use of the KMS, probation was 3 months so this system has greatly reduces learning time. 9. 3. Management Information System (MIS) This system takes all the information from the above systems and summarizes them into financial statements and reports. It is used by management to make decisions on how to run and control the business. 9. 3. 5 Decision Support System (DSS) This system looks like an advance of the MIS. It takes data from all sources (internal and external) and su mmarizes them for top management to make decisions on the long term plans of the organization. Information from this system appears as statements, reports, charts, graphs, ratios, statistics and trend analysis. . 3. 6 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) This can be called the overall system. It takes information from all sources of the organization and brings them together in one large database. From there, required information is taken out and implemented or used to make decisions in Sparkle. It should be noted that all other systems deposit their information in ERP. Figure 18: Example of ERP. Source: LSBF MBA Intake 14, SOM Lecture 3, Session 9, Slide 34. 9. 6 Intranet and Extranet Sparkle uses intranets to deal with its employees and management. Staffs all have a particular passcode which the use and your code depends on your position within the company. Some passcodes can access some areas which other codes can’t. They also use extranets to communicate and share information with customers, suppliers, some competitors and the government. This system is more secured and less vulnerable to attacks as compared to the internet. 10 Job Design It is said that the blood stream of any organization is money and I will say the skeleton holding an organization and making it stand up straight is its workforce. An organization manages resources so as to be able to deliver acceptable goods and services to its customers and one of these resources is its workforce. An organization’s workforce is its most valuable and the most complicated of all its resources because unlike other resources, humans have a mind of their own. To be able to deal with human beings, you must know what they like and this is different for different people but these needs though different are similar. In providing this, it motivates the employees and when motivated, they produce better output eventually yielding higher profits, quality and flexibility. 0. 1 Motivation Motivation is the urge to take action to achieve something or to avoid something (BPP, 2010). Motivation can either be intrinsic (wanting to satisfy an internal urge like being happy to be able to help others) or extrinsic (reliant on tangible rewards like money, fame and power). Continues in Appendix E. 10. 2 Empowerment This is the act of delegati ng work to employees making them feel more superior because of the added responsibility and new accountability. This is good motivation for many employees. ‘Job design is about how people carry out their tasks within a process. It defines the way they go about their working lives. It positions the expectations of what is required of them, and it influences their perceptions of how they contribute to the organization. It also defines their activities in relation to their work colleagues and it channels the flows of communication between different parts of the operation. But, of most importance, it helps to develop the culture of the organization – its shared values, beliefs and assumptions’ (Slack, 2009). In designing any job, the following have to be put into consideration. * Safety. Jobs should be design in a way that it will bring no harm to the employee be it physical, psychological, mental or emotional harm. Workers in the mines especially those in Africa are exposed to a lot of risk and still earn less than the minimum wage. The mine owners wanting to make more profits cut down on cost by reducing expenditure on employees’ safety. The employees of Sparkle all have safety equipment like hats and new ideas are being implemented to make the process safer. The organization has also fully insured its entire staff. * Legal and Ethical Issues. Jobs should be design in such a manner that those doing the job will not go against the law or their code of ethics. * Own time. Job design should create time for the employees to catch up on something other than work. For example visiting new places, being with their families or performing other social activities. Employees working in the mines have little of this, but Sparkle’s employees all have right to a paid holiday and taking permission to be out of work if the need arises. * Employee’s Ability. An employee’s ability to do the job or a range of task should be considered before designing the job. For example; only heavy built men carry cargo from the trucks into the warehouse because of their physical ability to carry heavy weight unlike their colleagues. * Wage and Benefits: In designing any job, the wage and benefits to be paid for the job should be considered if not the employee can be over-paid or under-paid for the job. 10. 3 Division of Labor Unlike traditional production approaches that stipulated that one person should know everything in the company so that he can serve any function, Henry Ford came in with the idea that one man should only know one thing and should be an expert in that thing. He suggested that with specializing in a particular function, the whole organization will be specialized and will give the best quality goods and services. So jobs should be broken down into smaller portions and given to different individuals who will specialize and bring forth quality cost-effective products. 10. 3. 1 Advantages of Division of Labor (Slack, 2009) * It is easier to learn. Short and simple tasks are easier to learn compared with long and complex tasks. This will be very advantageous when training new recruits because training will take a shorter time and it will be better mastered. Automating. Short and simple task are easily automated as compared to long and complex task. * Time. More time is spent on one long task compare to time if that task was broken down. This extra time is as a result of picking different tools up and putting them down, looking for equipment, thinking of what to do next etc. 10. 3. 2 Disadvantages of Division of Labor (Slack, 2009) * Monotony. The same small task will be repeated every hour, week, month and year. This will make the job boring and less fulfilling thus resulting to absenteeism, staff turnover and errors. Over-reliance. If one employee is absent, no other will be able to perform his duty and this may bring the whole production process to a halt. * No flexibility. Employees let to do one particular thing over the years turn to lose the skill of being able to learn another thing. So if the production process was to change, many employees will not be able to cope with learning how to perform a new task. * Physical Injury. The repetitive use of one part of your body let’s say arm or wrist will in the long run cause pain to that part. This is known as Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI). Sparkle teaches their employees a wide range of task during their probation but the employees are assigned to do just one thing when they fully start work. Teaching them a wide range of task is to expose them to the processes of the whole organization so that they can contribute ideas in the development of a department or process which does not involve them. Another reason for giving employees holistic training is to make an employee being able to do an absent employee’s work. This tactic was also implemented because the organization did not want an employee to feel indispensable. 0. 4 Job Design Approaches In coming out with a good job designing, the following approaches should be implemented:- 1. Job Simplification: The organization tries to the range of task and their complexities. Polishing diamond use to be a very complex task at Sparkle but with the introduction of DiamondShines TM a specialized software where diamond polishing is programmed with exact details. 2. Job Ro tation: This is periodically interchanging employees performing different task to do the task of the other. Sparkle does a lot of job rotation and this makes the employees’ job more exciting. Job rotation is successful in this organization because they train their employees to perform a number of task but if division of labor was strictly implemented, this approach could have been impossible because employee A will not have a clue of employees B’s task. 3. Job Enlargement: This involves integrating same level tasks to the ones already performed by the employees to make the job more exciting. This is not practiced in Sparkle. 4. Job Enrichment: This involves integrating different level tasks to the ones performed by the employees. The new tasks are usually higher level tasks giving employees more responsibility and decision making power. Sparkle once a week picks an employee randomly and gives him the power of a supervisory manager so as to see the changes and innovations he is going to bring to the organization. Sparkle also makes employees work in small teams and the organization creates a competitive strain amongst the teams. The competition amongst the teams brings a lot of hard work, efficiency and effectiveness.